A Study On New Orleans Essay - 1080 Words

32 | spring 2016 get involved www. kappa.org | 33 For more than two centuries, coffee has been a fundamental part of the culinary and social culture of New Orleans. It’s not just the city’s penchant for chicory cafà © au lait served alongside warm beignets. Nor is it just landmark gathering spots like Cafà © du Monde and or Morning Call Coffee Stand that spawned the notion of the laborers’ coffee break and served locals and tourists for generations. And it isn’t solely boozy Cafà © Brulà ´t, the brandy-spiked coffee drink New Orleans families serve in slender china cups that makes New Orleans a true coffee town. Alongside these the gustatory expressions is the city’s historic and longstanding role in the coffee trade. New Orleans has been a significant coffee port for more than 200 years. Since the early 19th century, import companies have brought in green coffee beans from around the world through the Port of New Orleans. Today, it is the second largest coffee port in the country. Among those importers, Westfeldt Brothers Inc. is one of the oldest of its kind in the United States. The company was first founded in Mobile, Alabama, in 1851 by Swedish Vice Consul Gustavus Adolphus George Westfeldt, who had immigrated to the U.S. in 1835. Westfeldt moved to New Orleans in 1853. By 1880, his company had become one of the country’s principal green coffee importers. Since then, it has been run by six generations of Westfeldts. The latest generation is the first to be represented by aShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans Decision For New Orleans Before Hurricane Katrin A Qualitative Study1153 Words   |  5 Pagesnot to evacuate New Orleans before hurricane Katrina: a qualitative study’. Introduction Public coordination and compliance to follow mandatory orders can be critical when achieving effectiveness and efficiency in emergency evacuations. 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Higher education applies knowledge relating to professional interest and leads to advanced occupational opportunities. Studies have shown that advanced knowledge and credentials enhances financial stability. â€Å"Knowledge is Power† proves to be a relevant quote because power follows knowledge and without knowledge power has no resistance. In professional settings those with advanced knowledge lead others. Sometimes power doesn’tRead MoreCrime Prevention in New Orleans729 Words   |  3 PagesCRIME PREVENTION IN NEW ORLEANS New Orleans is one of the most murderous cities in America but in 2013 the crime rate decreased by twenty percent compared to the year before. In 2012, one hundred and ninety-three people were murdered and in 2013, one hundred and fifty-five people were killed. Doctors use a different technique for those who were shot and wounded, which they say those victims survive from. This technique brought the murder rate down by fifteen percent. Non-profit Organizations, jobRead MoreOrganizational Theory671 Words   |  3 PagesGil Southern University at New Orleans Abstract I will discuss the basis of an organizational theory as it applies to the criminal justice system. I am discussing and giving a clear understanding of the criminal justice system as an organization of a bureaucratic management system with hierarchies and processes of inputs, processes, and outputs within one aspect of the criminal justice system i.e. police, within one city. I will also discuss how New Orleans Police Department was created throughoutRead MoreThe Textbook Defines Ecosystem Theory As How Social Workers1383 Words   |  6 Pagesfell on the city of New Orleans and its residents was one that would take years to recover from. This affected the community in a large way and continues to affect the city of New Orleans today. 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English for Night free essay sample

Night Thematic Statement In the book: â€Å"Night the Author†, Elie Wiesel writes about, many different themes such as death, racism, faith, trust, love and much more. The main theme in the book would be Elies faith, his faith in God is absolute. Throughout the entire book Wiesel talks about his faith and it really shows how loyal he is to God while being shaken during his experience in the Holocaust. Wiesel was raised believing that everything on Earth was a reflection of Gods holiness and power, so everywhere he looked he was thinking about and studying this God. Elie was dedicated and wanted to know more and more each day. Wiesels faith looked as if it could never be brought down or shaken, but by the time he got to the second camp Elie was already slowly loosing faith, He says â€Å"Why did I pray? Why did I live? Why did I breathe? † Wiesel was so brainwashed that he most likely didnt even know it was happening. We will write a custom essay sample on English for Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wiesel says â€Å" It was silent, What had I to thank Him for? † His faith was being moved because he was looking at all the pain around him and not the hope inside. He wonders how an amazing God could be apart of such a cruel place, his faith was now rocking by the cruelty and selfishness he sees among the prisoners. But soon enough Elie was one of those selfish prisoners a kapo says â€Å"Here, every man has to fight for himself and not think of anyone else. Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, no friends. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. † Wiesel was getting it in his head that maybe I could eat that extra bread instead of giving it to my father, Im most likely to survive longer. He was believing the lie being told and loosing much more than he had hoped. All-throughout Night Elie Wiesel writes how much he wanted to pursue God in his life and how much his life revolved around his relationship with God. Even though he has been forever changed from his horrible experience during the Holocaust, Elie still emerged with his faith. He didnt let the worst thing in his life effect the best part of his life, his faith in God.

Brave New World 2 free essay sample

Brave New World # 8211 ; Compared To Fahrenheit 451 Essay, Research Paper Brave New World and Fahrenheit 451 are two books, both of which are supposed to be set in the hereafter, which have legion subject similarities throughout them. Of all their common factors, the 1s that stand out most would hold to be foremost, the illegitimate reading of books ; second, the saving of wellness and young person at about any cost and the maintaining of people happy and stress-free ; and 3rd, the subject of the supporter as being a lone wolf or an castaway from society because of his differences in beliefs as opposed to the norm. We # 8217 ; ll look foremost at the construct of illegitimate reading. To us this sounds really unusual. In the societies of both of these books, nevertheless, it is a common and about wholly undisputed jurisprudence. In Brave New World reading is something that all categories are conditioned against from birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the really beginning of the novel we see a group of babies who are given bright, attractive books but are exposed to an detonation and a scream Siren when they reach out for them. This therefore prevents them from desiring the books and causes them to shout and shrivel off in horror at the mere sight of the books. In mention to the achievement of this conditioning, the manager said, # 8220 ; Books and loud noises # 8230 ; already in the baby mind these twosomes are compromisingly linked ; and after two hundred repeats of the same or a similar lesson would be wedded indissolubly. What adult male has jointed, nature is powerless to set asunder, # 8221 ; ( Huxley 21-22 ) . We come to larn that the basic logical thinking behind this conditioning against reading in Brave New World was because # 8220 ; you couldn # 8217 ; Ts have lower-caste people blowing the Community # 8217 ; s clip over books, and at that place was ever the hazard of their reading something which might unwant edly decondition one of their physiological reactions # 8221 ; ( Huxley 22 ) . In Fahrenheit 451 the outlawing of book reading is taken to an even greater extent. In this novel the whole intent of a # 8220 ; fireman # 8221 ; isn # 8217 ; T to set out fires, instead it is to get down fires. The reading of books in their society is wholly out and if person is suspected of even having a book, the firemans are dispatched to travel to that individual # 8217 ; s abode and get down a fire. They start fires for the exclusive intent of destructing books, as illustrated here, # 8220 ; They pumped the cold fluid from the numeraled 451 armored combat vehicles strapped to their shoulders. They coated each book, they pumped suites full of it # 8230 ; # 8217 ; the whole house is traveling up # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Bradbury 38 ) . Another common factor of the two novels is the extent to which each society works to continue its people as both immature and healthy and content. In Brave New World the people have soma, the feelies, they are neer entirely, they # 8217 ; rhenium conditioned to wish their occupation, and life for them is merely made easy. Soma is what the people in Brave New World usage to travel on # 8220 ; holiday. # 8221 ; It is like the perfect drug with no side effects. It merely puts its users in a province of euphory. Harmonizing to Mustapha Mond himself, haoma is to # 8220 ; quiet your choler, to accommodate you to your enemies, to do you patient and enduring # 8230 ; anybody can be virtuous now # 8221 ; ( Huxley 238 ) . The feelies are yet another construct of the Brave New World designed merely for the comfort and enjoyment of the people. The people experience the films in non merely the ocular sense, but they besides feel and smell what is traveling on, about as if it truly is. The c onstruction of their whole life style is made in such a manner so that the people are neer entirely. Mond even says, # 8221 ; But people neer are entirely # 8230 ; we make them detest purdah ; and we arrange their lives so it # 8217 ; s about impossible for them to of all time hold it # 8221 ; ( Huxley 235 ) . The different castes are besides conditioned to wish their occupations. This maintains stableness because everyone does their occupation without ailment and remains happy. Harmonizing to Mond, # 8220 ; they like their work # 8230 ; It # 8217 ; s light, it # 8217 ; s childishly simple. No strain on the head or the musculuss. Seven and a half hours of mild, unexhausting labor, and the the soma ration and games and unrestricted sexual intercourse and the feelies. What more can they inquire for? # 8221 ; ( Huxley224 ) . Equally far as life being made easy for them goes, Mond says, # 8220 ; There isn # 8217 ; t any demand for a civilzed adult male to bear anything that # 8217 ; s earnestly unpleasant # 8221 ; ( Huxley 236 ) . Similarly, in Fahrenheit 451, the people have telecasting walls. We learn ab out their intent, importance, and value from the character Mildred. In respects to the walls, Mildred tells Guy, â€Å"It’s truly fun. It’ll be even more fun when we can afford to hold the 4th wall installed†¦it’d be merely like this room wasn’t ours at all, but all sorts of alien people’s rooms† ( Bradbury 20-21 ) . Equally far as young person or wellness saving goes, in the really beginning of Fahrenheit 451 we see an illustration of this. Guy comes place to happen Mildred in bed, overdosed on pills. He called the exigency infirmary and they came. â€Å"They had this machine. They had two machines, truly. One of them slid down into your tummy like a black cobra down an echoing good looking for all the old H2O and the old clip gathered at that place. It drank up the green affair that flowed to the top in a slow boil†¦the blood stream in this adult female was new and it seemed to hold done a new thing to her. Her cheeks were really pink and her lips were really fresh and full of colour and they looked soft and relaxed† ( Bradbury 14, 16 ) . The concluding and one of the most apparent of the similarities in these two books would hold to be the fact that the chief character in both books was fundamentally an castaway or a lone wolf from society. In Brave New World this is, at different times, a different character. First we meet Bernard Marx as our castaway. He thinks merely a little more than the mean adult male in his society. He and his friend Helmholtz Watson are two work forces who stand apart because they really think instead than drone around like the remainder of the people. Bernard is besides much smaller than most other alphas and has a difficult clip both acquiring adult females and acquiring lower castes to make what he says. When speech production of Bernard, one of the adult females says, # 8221 ; They say person made a error when he was still in the bottle- idea he was a Gamma and put alcohol in his blood-surrogate. That # 8217 ; s why he # 8217 ; s so scrawny # 8221 ; ( Huxley 46 ) . It isn # 8217 ; t until Bernard additions care over John that he is anything but an castaway. For the first clip in his life he can acquire any adult female he wants and he even believes he has power. However, after things fall apart and the barbarian is no longer under his control, Bernard goes back to being an castaway and is even finally sent off to an island by himself. The 2nd individual viewed as an castaway in Brave New World would be John the barbarian. He neer fits in while he lives on the reserve because of who his female parent is and what she # 8217 ; d done to the reserve. He is invariably secluded from activities and looked down upon, as we see here, # 8220 ; He went with the others # 8230 ; all of a sudden one of the work forces stepped frontward, caught him by the arm, and pulled him out of the ranks # 8230 ; # 8217 ; Not for you, white-hair! # 8221 ; ( Huxley 136 ) . Though he excessively has his period of credence when he comes to the Brave New World, he finally returns to hi s lone ways. In the terminal, despite Mond # 8217 ; s wants to go on with the research, John ran off and moved into an abandoned visible radiation tower to populate as a hermit. Similarly, in Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag is reasonably much a lone wolf himself. Though he is a fireman, he in secret steals more and more books and the more he reads, the lupus erythematosus he believes in firing them. He can non state anyone of this, even his married woman, because they will certainly turn him in. Eventually, though, Guy # 8217 ; s secret is discovered and the remainder of the narrative consists of the pursuit after him by the constabulary every bit good as the electronic hound. He makes his acquire off entirely and though he meets others along the manner, he travels entirely. The other lone wolf in this book is Clarisse. Clarisse new she was an castaway and even said, # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m afraid of kids my ain age. They kill each other # 8230 ; I # 8217 ; m responsible. I was spank ed when I needed it, old ages ago. And I do the shopping and house cleansing by manus # 8221 ; ( Huxley 30 ) . Outlawed reading, contentment, juvenility and wellness of the people, and society outcast- these three subjects are, to me, the most apparent in the two books. I find it improbably intriguing that two different writers can both compose books on the hereafter and hold them similar in so many ways. If you look past their similarities though, both of these books were really good written and truly go forth you inquiring merely what the hereafter will keep. Brave New World. Huxley, Aldous. Perennial Classics. New York, 1989. Fahrenheit 451 # 8230 ; The Temperature At Which Books Burn. Bradbury, Ray. Ballantine Books. New York, 1979.

Tourist motivation Essay Example

Tourist motivation Essay Example Tourist motivation Essay Tourist motivation Essay Tourist motive is seen by many authors as one of the cardinal elements in understanding tourist decision-making behavior. A sound apprehension of travel motive plays a critical function in foretelling future travel form. The large reply to the basic inquiry, why do people go? has occupied the heads of tourer research workers for many old ages. Assorted methods have been employed to bring out travel motivations. The undermentioned literature will cast visible radiation on assorted theories that can be used to hold a cognition why people travel to urban finish. Tourist motive can be defined as the planetary integration web of biological and cultural forces which gives value and way to go picks, behavior and experience. ( Pearce, Morrison A ; Rutledge, 1998 ) . Put merely, motive is a province of rousing of a thrust or demand which impels people to activity in chase of ends. Once the ends have been achieved the demand subsides and the single returns to the equilibrium-but merely briefly because new motivations arise as the last 1 is satisfied. As cited in Seaton ( 1997 ) motive of the single individual to go, to look outside for what he can non happen inside have been mostly created by society and shaped by mundane life. Gray s ( 1979 ) travel-motivation theory, poses merely two chief motivations for travel. One is the desire to travel from a known to an unknown topographic point, called in Gray s theory wanderlust . The other motivation is what Grays called sunlust . This generates a trip to a topographic point which can supply the traveller with specific installations that do non be in his or her ain topographic point of abode. Some of the motivations which determine their travel picks are diversion, pleasance, new experiences, cultural involvement, shopping. Harmonizing to the push and pull construct, Crompton ( 1979 ) , push factors explains the desire for travel while the pull motivations have been used to explicate the existent finish choice.A Nine motives of leisure travellers were identified and classified seven as socio-psychological or push motivations and two as cultural or pull motivations. The seven push motivations were, flight from a perceived mundane environment, geographic expedition and rating of ego, relaxation, prestigiousness, arrested development, sweetening of kinship relationships, and facilitation of societal interaction. The pull motivations were freshness and instruction. Maslow ( 1943 ) identified two motivational types: tension-reducing motivations ; arousal-seeking motivations. Harmonizing to Maslow, there are five demands organizing a hierarchy, come oning from the lower to the higher demands. At the underside are the basic demands for nutrient, H2O and air. Then, above them is the demand for safety, security, and protection. Maslow argued that if the lower demands are fulfilled the person would be motivated by demands of the following degree of the hierarchy. Cooper et Al ( 2005 ) criticises Maslow s theory stating that why and how Maslow selected the basic five demands remain ill-defined, although Page ( 2003 ) feels that it has relevancy in understanding how human action is apprehensible and predictable compared to research which argues that human behavior is basically irrational and unpredictable. Though much unfavorable judgment about Maslow s theory, the touristry industry has borrowed a batch from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be comparatively labelled and supply a utile model for understanding psychological motivational factors in touristry. Therefore, for illustration, although the evident intent of a trip may be for shopping, the underlying psychological motive may be to affect their neighbors and derive higher societal position. Iso-Ahola ( 1982 ) says that tourers will exchange functions while on vacation, and that over clip different demands will originate. Single motive may non ever move as the finding factor for travel. If within the vacation, the initial demands are satisfied, other motives might emerge. Indeed, it is congruous with Maslow s theories of demands to reason that if ab initio there is a primary demand for relaxation while on a vacation, the satisfaction of that demand will make consciousness of other demands such as geographic expedition of topographic point as a agency of geting a sense of belonging or to enable procedures of self-actualisation to take topogr aphic point. Dann ( 1981 ) has identified seven elements of tourer motives: travel as a response to what is missing yet desired ; finish pull in response to motivational push ; motive as phantasy ( prosecute in behavior and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their place environment like harlotry and gaming ) ; motive as classified intent ( VFRs ) ; motivational typologies ; motive and tourer experiences ; motive as auto-definition and significance ( the manner in which tourist define their state of affairss and respond to them ) . [ Page A ; Connell,2003 ] . P.Pearce ( 1988 ) as cited in Ryan ( 1997 ) lists five travel motives which he calls travel calling ladder where tourers develop changing motives of relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem and development, fulfilment. In Pearce s theoretical account, the motives listed can be divided into two classs. The demands may be egoistic or directed at others. Therefore, for illustration, relaxation may be a solo exercising where the holiday-maker seeks a quiet reposeful clip entirely or it can be relaxation in the company of others, jumping from the demand for external exhilaration and desire for freshness. Stimulation can be autonomous which springs from the concern for ain safety, or it can be directed toward others originating out of the concern for other s safety. Relationship can be autonomous which means giving love and fondness and keeping relationships, or it can be directed at others which means having fondness, to be with group rank. Self-esteem and development possibly autonomous like development of accomplishments, particular involvements, competency and command, or it may be directed at others like prestigiousness, glamor of going. Fulfilment is wholly autonomous as it fulfils single dreams, understands oneself more and experience interior peace and harmoniousness. There are some unfavorable judgments against Pearce s travel motives. For illustration, Pearce argues that stimulation may be understood along a dimension of hazard and safety of ego or others. However, it might be argued that there is a existent and typical difference between these two motives. Cohen ( 1972 ) as cited in Shaw A ; Williams ( 2002 ) , draws attending to the fact that all tourers are seeking some component of freshness and unfamiliarity while, at the same clip, most besides need to retain something familiar. How tourers combine the demands for freshness with acquaintance can in bend be used to deduce a typology. Cohen distinguished tourer utilizing sociological rules into organized mass tourer, single mass tourers, adventurer and vagrant. They feel that it is non based on any empirical informations. In add-on, these groups were besides differentiated along the lines of contact with the tourer industry, with mass tourers being termed institutionalized and the more individualistic tourer being regarded as non-institutionalised. Smith ( 1977 ) provided a more elaborate discrepancy of Cohen s tourer typologies. Smith ( 1977 ) identifies 7 classs of tourer who have been termed as interactive typologies : adventurer, elite, off-beat, unusual, inchoate mass, mass, and charter. Shaw A ; Williams ( 2002 ) opines that Plog s typology is based on inquiring tourers about their existent general life styles or value systems, frequently utilizing perceptual information derived from interviews. Plog s ( 1987 ) typology can be used to analyze tourer motives every bit good as attitudes to peculiar finishs and manners of travel. In footings of the latter, a tourer typology developed for the American Express ( 1989 ) has categorised travelers as: adventurers, fuss-budgets, dreamers, economizers and indulgers- all of whom viewed their travel experiences in different ways.

Report on Financial and Economic issues around the EU and affects on Essay

Report on Financial and Economic issues around the EU and affects on Arcelor Mittal - Essay Example It is critical to note that the firm reports its operational performance across the whole Europe wide region and therefore country wide segregation of the relative performance of the firm is relatively not present. What is key to understanding is the fact that firm is facing strong macroeconomic risks in these countries as fiscal expansion has been curtailed by the relative governments in these countries. The weak demand is mostly due to the austerity measures taken by the governments. Since Governments are major users of steel and related products therefore a decline in the fiscal expansion is one of the key reasons for decline in the business of the firm in PIIGS and other European countries. Details of Staff Employed Firm has reported that 37% of its employees are located in EU27 countries. (Statista.com,2000).   These countries are 27 European countries where firm have operations of different nature including mining, steel production, construction and other related activities. The production sites are located in Madrid, Averio, Ireland and other smaller locations where firm operates its so called mini-steel mills. In Spain, firm has four different production locations where firm is engaged in different activities including steel production as well as mining activities. Since firm is located in Luxemburg therefore the number of employees working in the headquarters of the firm is also included in its workforce in Europe. Difficulties in PIIGS Markets In Spain, firm is facing severe problems of high energy prices and lack of alternative energy resources. The lack of these resources therefore has increased the overall level of operational cost for the firm and resultantly has an impact on its profitability. (Mitchell,2012).  In Ireland, Portugal, Italy and Greece, one of the key difficulties is the lack of demand being generated from the government and private sector. Since these countries are still under strict austerity measures. In Spain, firm is also f acing disputes with the employees and many of the Staff members have protested against the closure of factories in Madrid.( En.tengrinews.kz 2012)   In Greece, firm is specifically facing debt related issues and the major write down by the firm in Europe is appropriated towards the Greece debt. Most of the challenges faced by the firm in the EU region come from Greece as the country as a whole hardly avoided bankruptcy after due funding support from European Union member countries. Cost of borrowing is also on the rise especially in Greece due to heavy borrowing by the government and bond issues.( Eichengreen, 2012)   Apart from this, the global demand for Steel is slowing down causing overall decline in the business operations of the firms. It is critical to note that EU27 experienced a negative growth rate of Steel consumption during 2012 suggesting that the overall demand is on the decline in these markets. Expansion or Contraction Firm is already on its way to close some of its production facilities in Spain as it has closed its Madrid facilities and is also in process of redeploying some of its staff to other locations in Spain. This indicates that firm is curtailing back on its operations in Spain and same practice may also be adapted in other countries and markets also. It is also already in process of closing down its furnaces in

Canada's cultural diversity purely reflects the overall history of the Essay

Canada's cultural diversity purely reflects the overall history of the country - Essay Example The increase in migration of between Canada and America has led to the transfer of cultural traits between these two countries. Canada’s culture as result of this interchange has developed diverse characteristics that are found in Europe and America, as well. The immigration from the neighboring countries to Canada has led to the development of diverse culture in the country. The diversified population of Canada is represented by several races that have migrated across the borders of Canada. These people vary in their food habits, language, culture and lifestyle. The integration of the indigenous culture with this diverse population has led to the cultural diversity of Canada. Background: reflection of the overall history of the country The cultural background of Canada in the overall history of the country could be termed as heterogeneous with people from different countries migrating to Canada and setting up establishments in the region. Thus the ethnic origin of the populat ion is heterogeneous. The people from different countries have come and settled in Canada. They are from different origins and background and thus the composition of the country’s demographics is diverse in nature. In the early stages of history, the population was mainly dominated by the British and the French. Over the years, due to increase in immigration from the other parts of Europe and America, the composition of the population and the cultural aspects of the Canadian land has undergone rapid changes. The mix of different cultures, religion and language has led to the diversity of the Canadian culture1. Before the First World War and the immense migration from other parts of Europe, the Canadian culture was mainly predominated by the British and the French. In the initial stages of history, Canada accepted immigrants mainly from the parts of Western Europe. Till 1960, the immigrants from United States, United Kingdom and France were preferred by the Canadian government . After 1960, the policy on immigration underwent changes that led to immigration from other nations. These immigrants were selected based on their educational and occupational skills. Thus the immigrants varied in terms of their background, origin and culture and integrated in the Canadian culture and economy. All these led to the diversity of the Canadian culture over the times in the different periods in history. Thesis The thesis statement includes identification of the underlying factors and reasons behind the cultural diversity of Canada and the benefits of the cultural diversity to the country. Analysis of primary & secondary sources: reasons behind cultural diversity in Canada The analysis of the reasons behind the cultural diversity of Canada has been done with the help of primary and secondary sources of information on the cultural diversity of Canada. The sources of information include the books and online articles and statistics on the Canadian culture. The statistical d ata collected for census of the country of Canada has also been used for undertaking the analysis. The major reasons for the diversity

Indianization Term Essay Example for Free

Indianization Term Essay Question 1 What does the term `Indianization` or `sinicization` refer to when used to describe government administrations headed by invaders or foreign powers? Please give at least 2 examples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These two terms refer to a general cultural assimilation of the foreign government.   Over time, occupying powers in China and India became familiar with the local culture and began to blend in, appearing more and more as locals than foreigners.   In the case of these two countries, this process led to locals being promoted to government positions that were initially reserved for the foreign or invading power.    The nation gradually looks less and less like a conquered state, as more of its own people are placed in positions of power and its populace regains greater self-determination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In India, this process was introduced by the British in the 1920’s and was actually termed Indianisation.   The British appointed Indians to fill senior military ranks and government positions, and set up specific officers to handle this process in a deliberate manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The example is perhaps clearer in China, where Kublai Khan fell in love with Chinese culture in his youth.   In 1271, after being Khan for 20 years, Kublai created the Yuan dynasty which covered the area of China under Mongole rule.   The Yuan dynasty was initially a Mongol administration and was part of the Mongol empire, but with time, successive rulers saw themselves as Chinese emperors rather than Mongol lords.   The Yuan dynasty lost influence over Mongol lands outside of China, and became a true Chinese empire until conquered by the Ming dynasty in 1388 (Saunders, 2001). Question 2 What developments in Southern Song China resemble the Industrial Revolution of the West? Why were the emperors during the Song period so successful when their predecessors were not?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Song period was one of great growth and development in China’s industry and infrastructure.   One of the largest factors of this was the introduction of paper money, leading to a normalized market economy.   This was also a time of development of cities, as opposed to the agrarian economy that had characterized earlier periods.   Cities became centers of trade and industry, leading to the development of a merchant class similar to the later Bourgeoise in Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chinese industry grew along with the merchant class during the Song period.   While finding exact numbers from the time period is difficult, Robert Hartwell notes that Chinese iron production lept sixfold from the early 800’s to 1078, where he notes that Chinese iron production reached 125,000 tons (Hartwell, 1962), far beyond that of the Western powers.   This abundance of iron allowed China to manufacture tools, machinery, and trade goods.   The result was that China’s economy grew dramatically, leading to China surpassing Western Europe in per capita income during the Song dynasty (Maddison, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several factors contributed to the occurrence of this Chinese â€Å"Industrial Revolution† under the Song dynasty.   One was the establishment of a civil bureaucracy as opposed to rule by warlords.   This helped to encourage the development of trade and industry, as well as education, as commoners could achieve these posts via taking the imperial examination.   Another factor was technological innovation, marked by developments such as gunpowder and movable type.   Such social and technological innovation led to expanded opportunities for the peasant class and allowed many to migrate from farms to cities to pursue the newer career paths available to them. Question 3 What combination of Mongol attributes and Song weaknesses made the Mongol conquest successful? Please analyze it detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The single largest factor leading to the successful Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was the attitudes of each culture towards war.   The Mongols were born and bred for it.   Their culture glorified battle and conquest.   The Mongol empire had been growing for centuries, winning victory after victory, which surely inspired fear and doubt in any army forced to stand against them.   The Song were not pacifists by any means, but they were not warriors in the same vein as the Mongols.   When they broke the Mongol alliance to recapture former lost cities, they were not prepared for the war they had unleashed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One major Song weakness was that the initial battlefields of the war were not favorable positions to hold.   Kaifeng, Luoynag, and Chang’an were already ruined by war.   The Song strategy of defense also played into the Mongols’ hands, allowing the horsewarriors to choose the time and place of battles and ensure local superiority.   This led to the Song being driven back, finally retreating to Guangdong and losing their leader, Emperor Gong, in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Song dynasty was now left effectively leaderless.   The two heirs were mere children.   Without a decisive and strong leader, further efforts at resistance were to prove futile.   The final defeat of the Song at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 was almost a foregone conclusion, as the demoralized and cornered Song were beaten soundly by Kublai Khan’s naval forces, leading to the death of the final Song emperor and the assimilation of Song lands. Question 4 Why did Chinese culture become so popular and accepted in Japan? What are the major differences and similarities between the Chinese and Japanese culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many aspects of Chinese culture passed to Japan in the earlier centuries AD, when China was a more advanced society and the Japanese eager to learn and advance themselves.   This hunger for learning and improvement of their culture was the primary factor that allowed Chinese cultural influence to infiltrate Japanese society.   When the two cultures first made contact Japan had no formal written language and adopted that of the Chinese, which would later be evolved to a similar but distinct written form.   Japan also modelled its imperial bureaucracy after that of China, and the courts of the two nations ended up being very similar in the ranks and titles used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The largest form of cultural influence, though, was religion.   Both Confucianism and Buddhism made strong inroads in Japan, which at the time had a much less sophisticated form of religion.   Both of the Chinese religions imparted practical knowledge about how to run a society and live one’s daily life, and this proved attractive to the Japanese.   This influence led to the development of Zen Buddhism and the famous Japanese samurai culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With these similarities, differences between the two cultures remained.   One of the strongest was the samurai culture, the code of Bushido.   The Japanese samurai evolved to be a warrior caste, something which did not have a counterpart in China on nearly the same scale.   As a result of this, Japan evolved to a more feudal society, with peasant-serfs supporting the samurai nobility in a system of lesser warlords (daimyo) owing fealty to the imperial court (in reality, the Shogun).   Chinese culture, especially in the Ming period, treated the peasantry more as independent landowners rather than as the lowest tier in the feudal machine. Question 5 What impact did Buddhism have on the development of Japanese culture and lifestyles? Give examples in both art and literature where Buddhism was a major factor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Japanese Zen Buddhism infiltrated and permeated every aspect of Japanese culture, influencing the way they thought, governed, created, even loved and made war.   The Japanese have long been famous for appearing reserved, for keeping emotion private.   This is a very Buddhist trait coming from the teachings of the Middle Path, the path of moderation.   Excess is frowned upon.   Discipline and focus are encouraged.   Those two words have formed the foundation of Japanese lifestyles for centuries.   The formalized ritual of the tea ceremony also demonstrates Buddhist influences over such a simple thing as the drinking of tea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The samurai give excellent examples of how Buddhism affected Japanese culture.   The samurai were the ruling class, and as the elite, the commoners would seek to emulate them.   The samurai were known for their unshakeable dedication to their duty, that of serving their daimyo, or leige.   They paid particular emphasis to Samadhi, one of three branches of Buddhism’s Noble Eightfold Path.   The teachings of Samadhi emphasized right effort (continual self-improvement, via constant training at their disciplines), right mindfulness (awareness of one’s surroundings, seeing the world clearly), and right concentration (self-awareness, accomplished via meditation and self-reflection).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Buddhism’s influences also spread into the art and literature of the period.   The clearest example in art is in Japanese gardens and architecture.   Japanese homes were sparse and minimalist, rejecting luxury in favor of the simple necessities, in which the Japanese took joy.   Their gardens were designed and grown as places for tranquility, as places of meditation.   Buddhist influence over literature is seen in such writings as â€Å"An Account of My Hut† by Chomei, an argument for a life of peaceful meditation and tranquility. Question 6 How did a Japanese emperor differ from the Chinese emperor? Which would you consider more superior and why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary difference was in the power they wielded.   Chinese emperors tended to wield far more power over their territory and ruling in a monarchial fashion.   While many Chinese emperors were overthrown in the end by court intrigue, regicide, or revolution; during their time on the throne a Chinese emperor was his nation’s absolute ruler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In constrast the Japanese emperors were mostly figureheads.   Though viewed by the populace as a living god, in truth their power was very limited.   For most of the last 1,000 years the real power in Japan was held by the Shogun, the primary warlord who had gained dominance over the others.   Within that period were also many times of strife where Japan had no strong leader but was instead fragmented into many separate warring states, led by Daimyo.   The emperor still reigned during these periods but had no power to stop the warfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chinese emperors fit more closely with the western idea of monarchy, whereas Japanese emperors were described by European explorers as being more akin to the Pope: a spiritual leader with little political clout, while the Shoguns were mentioned as being similar to the European monarchs (Howe, 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In absolute terms, Chinese emperors seem to be superior to Japanese by virtue of the greater power they wield.   Argument could be made that monarchial institutions have the inherent weakness of relying too much on one man who may or may not be qualified to rule (just look at the damage some of the Roman emperors such as Nero and Caligula caused), that is beyond the scope of this work.   For the purposes of this discussion, I will argue that Chinese emperors were superior as the Japanese emperors were for the most part figureheads. Question 7 What characteristics of the nomadic peoples made them `barbaric` to the civilizations of India and China?   What characteristics of the nomadic peoples would you consider to be strengths?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   China and India viewed their nomadic neighbors as barbarians due to what was seen as an overall lack of civilization.   Most of the nomadic cultures lacked such â€Å"civilizing† characteristics as a large and detailed government system, with most using a system that was very feudal in nature, chieftains owing fealty to greater warlords.   They also lacked what were seen as other civilizing characteristics, such as advanced agriculture with public works projects like canals to support it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another major factor was that of religion.   China and India had very sophisticated religious belief systems, as opposed to the less developed beliefs of the various nomadic groups around them.   As has been seen throughout history in all parts of the world, religion is commonly used as a barometer to judge the level of civilization of a culture, such as in Europe where Christians viewed non-Christians are barbarians. Based on this barometer, the Chinese and Indian cultures viewed others with simpler belief structures as not being as advanced spiritually and philosophically.   Finally, many of the neighboring nomadic cultures had not developed a fully-functional form of written language, often borrowing from Chinese writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And yet despite these â€Å"disadvantages†, nomadic cultures such as the Mongols would end up conquering the great civilized empires.   Their active tribal lifestyle bred them as warriors, not farmers.   Their lifestyle also led them to be superior horsemen, which proved yet another advantage in warfare.   Their people were hardy, used to living without luxury, and well-suited to conducting long campaigns. These cultures that were dismissed as â€Å"barbaric† would end up proving mightier than expected. Question 8 When did the Mughal dynasty rule India. What achievements occurred during this dynasty? What led to the decline of Mughal rule in India?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mughal dynasty began in 1504 when Babur of the Timurids conquered Kabul.   His force was a Muslim army of Mongols and other more local peoples (such as Afghans and Persians).   This and the following decades of consolidation of power with battles fought against smaller regional powers established the Mughal dynasty, and brought Islam to the front in the Indian subcontinent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of note, though, is that the Mughals exercised a religious tolerance rarely seen in the time period.   Though Islam was the primary religion throughout most of the dynasty, Hindus and other religions were rarely persecuted.   The reign of Akar from 1556-1605 brought about the most dramatic change of all, with a policy of direct attempts at reconciliation with Hindus, promoting them to high government office and abolishing the poll tax on non-Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another major and lasting achievement of the Mughals was their architecture.   They were renowned for massive construction projects, including large fortress-palaces such as the monstrous Red Fort in Dehli.   There is also the Taj Mahal, perhaps the most famous lasting architectural sample, built in Agra and completed in 1648.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The decline of the Mughal empire was a long process.   The reign of the last of the strong Mughal emperors, Aurangzeb from 1658 to 1707, saw the empire hold together but the decay had begun and his policies, while temporarily effective, added to the long-term problems.   Wars demonstrated Mughal military might, but drained the treasury; and new anti-Hindu policies led to resentment and rebellion at home and class struggle (Habib, 2001).   This led the way to foreign invasion from the neighboring Marathas, Persians, and Afghans, eating away at the empire until the commonly accepted date of the empire’s final ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar   who was exiled in 1857. Question 9 Ironically, while Europeans later fought wars over control of the sea routes in the Asian region, China abandoned its dominant position. Why did the Ming court decide to end the maritime voyages of Zheng He just as China reached domination of the Asian seas? Was this a poor decision or one that strengthened China? Please explain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were multiple factors that seem to be present in the Ming’s decision to suspend Zheng He’s voyages.   Zheng He did most of his exploring during the time of the Yongle Emperor, and when he died in 1424 his successors seemed to view Zheng He’s growing influence at court as a threat.   Curbing his travels that made him famous would be a good way to reduce his influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cost was also a major factor, as China became embroiled in conflict with its Mongolian neighbors to the north.   Having been once conquered by the Mongolians, the Ming court took this threat very seriously, and devoted every effort to protecting their borders and resisting the Mongols.   Zheng He’s expedition fleet was massive, and the cost of the journeys was thus immense, as he went as an emissary and explorer rather than a trader.   His journeys did not result in wealth pouring into Chinese coffers as did that of the European explorers from the colonies they founded and trade routes they started.   The Ming needed their resources to fight the Mongols, and thus cut back in other areas, such as these naval expeditions in order to meet the Mongol threat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is difficult to say whether this was a wise decision or not in retrospect.   The money saved on naval excursions surely assisted the Ming in their mostly successful efforts to resist the Mongols, culminating in the expansion of the Great Wall of China.   Perhaps if Zheng He’s costly voyages had continued, the resources would not have been available to hold off the Mongols.   And yet there was a cost, which is that when the European nations began arriving in force, the Chinese were not able to resist them.   Overall I would say the decision was wise, in facing the immediate threat rather than a potential and vague future threat that might never materialize. Question 10 Who founded the Ming Dynasty and what were main characteristics of rule during this period? What were the major achievements of the Ming Dynasty? What is meant by saying that the `sprouts of capitalism` can be found in the Ming Dynasty?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, a man of peasant birth and monastery education who was one of the leaders of a series of revolts that destroyed the Yuan dynasty.   Upon ascending to the position of emperor, he took the name Hongwu.   Some major traits of Ming rule were favor given to the poor, a strong military, a strong internal focus, and the replacement of the prime minister post with that of the Grand secretary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ming period was a good one for the peasantry.   Hongwu seemed to favor the poor, and gave land to peasants to farm.   Peasants who moved to and farmed unused land could claim it as their own and be free from taxation on it.   This led to an agricultural class much like that to be found later in America, with free citizens owning and cultivating land rather than a feudal serf system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The early Ming favored agriculture over trade, and would eventually forbid oceangoing trade ships from leaving China.   Despite this, trade flourished due to other factors, such as the introduction of silver to the economy which established currency and limited barter.   Another major achievement of the Ming dynasty was its refinement of the Chinese legal code.   The laws were designed to be fair and understandable, so that they could not be taken advantage of by the upper class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capitalism in China flourished during the Ming period.   The empire was stable politically, the lower class more prosperous than ever before.   Owning their own land meant that they received the benefits from their work rather than owing most of the fruits of their labor to a leige.   This was the beginning of a free market, and combined with increased trade, Chinese citizens were rewarded for their hard work and this encouraged them to do well. Bibliography Habib, I. (2001). The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1526-1707. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hartwell, R. (1962). A Revolution in the Chinese Iron and Coal Industries During the Northern Sung, 960-1126 A.D. The Journal of Asian Studies , 21 (2), pp. 153-162. Howe, C. (1999). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Maddison, A. (2006). The World Economy: Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective and Volume 2: Historical Statistics. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Saunders, J. J. (2001). History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.